The source of the large hydrocarbon molecules is often the naphtha fraction or the gas oil fraction from the fractional distillation of crude oil petroleum. Model the industrial process of cracking larger hydrocarbons to produce smaller alkanes that can be converted into petrol. Air products would like to ensure the safe handling of our products. Galwey from the chemistry department, the queens university o belast, northern ireland received june 21, 1967. Boiler water system free download as powerpoint presentation. In the petroleum industry, large hydrocarbons from the distillation of crude oil are often cracked to split them into smaller bits. Hydrocarbons are used mainly as fuels, solvents and lubricants. Joseph saleeby 10 year, principal technical representative independent representative of tnemec company, inc. High octane starter to inject pace which is easily adapted for other lessons. Catalytic cracking presentation free download as powerpoint presentation. Some cause symptoms like redness, itchy skin, or inflammation. Vladimir shukhov took the credit as the first person who invented and patented the cracking method in 1891. The simplest alkenes have the general formula c n h 2n.
The zeolites used in catalytic cracking are chosen to give high percentages of hydrocarbons with between 5 and 10 carbon atoms particularly useful for petrol gasoline. Cracking of alkanes cracking is a form of thermal decomposition, which breaks long chain hydrocarbons, many of which are not very useful, into shorter molecules by heating them. In this online course, learn indepth knowledge of general, organic and analytic chemistry through topics such as chemical equilibrium and chromatography. This means that large hydrocarbon molecules break into smaller molecules when they are heated. This is a thermal decomposition reaction known as cracking. The hydrocarbons are boiled and the hydrocarbon gases are either mixed with steam and heated to a very high temperature or.
As our customer, you need to share in the responsibility for safe handling, storage, and use of our products. Aug 12, 20 learn the basics about the cracking of hydrocarbons and why it is done. Feb 27, 2011 i taught this lesson with a low ability year 10 group and it was observed by a regional consultant, borough consultant and head of department and judged to be a good lesson. Ethene c 2 h 4 is an example of a family of hydrocarbons called the alkenes. In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or longchain. Cracking of hydrocarbons always produces alkene molecules as. The hydrocarbon molecules are broken up in a fairly random way to produce mixture of smaller hydrocarbons, some of which have carboncarbon double bonds. Nov, 2014 cracking of crude oil crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons called fractions to separate the oil into its component fractions we first boil it. A family of hydrocarbons which all fit the same general formula. Learn the basics about the cracking of hydrocarbons and why it is done. Hydrocarbons thermal cracking selectivity depending on their.
Whenever carbon does not appear to have the required number of bonds, it is understood that the missing bonds go to hydrogen atoms. The alkane c 14h 30 might split in a variety of different ways. Hydrocracking processes distillate hydrocracking is a refining process for conversion of heavy gas oils and heavy diesels or similar boilingrange heavy distillates into light distillates naphtha, kerosene, diesel, etc. Hydrocarbons thermal cracking selectivity depending on their structure and cracking parameters introduction 1 1 introduction production of lower olefins, like ethylene and propylene, it is a fundamental process in chemical industry for the reason that the worldwide demand for these compounds is higher than any other chemicals.
Long chain hydrocarbons can be broken into smaller hydrocarbons, by heating with a catalyst. Feedstock reacts with catalyst and cracks into different hydrocarbons. There isnt any single unique reaction happening in the cracker. Main chemical reactions catalytic cracking of heavy hydrocarbons into lighter unsaturated hydrocarbons saturation of the newly formed hydrocarbons with hydrogen hydro cracking 17. At fuse school, teachers and animators come together to make fun.
Cracking of hydrocarbons involves thermal decomposition. Catalytic cracking uses silica silicon oxide or alumina aluminium oxide as the catalyst and requires a temperature in the range of 600700c cracking can be classified as a thermal decomposition reaction, since heat and a catalyst is required to break down molecules. After the fractional distillation of crude oil there are too many large hydrocarbons and not enough small hydrocarbons to meet the publics demand. The mechanism is believed to be ionic and some examples of reaction steps are given below. It is when big hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Cracking of hydrocarbons download pdf info publication number us2985695a. This is done by heating the hydrocarbon in the presence of a catalyst. Catalytic cracking catalytic cracking catalytic cracking uses heat, pressure and a catalyst to break larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, lighter molecules. Powerpoint name hydrocarbons iupac rules, multiple bonds. Recovery of useful hydrocarbons from petroleum residual oil by. It also produces high proportions of branched alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene. Jan 25, 2010 the best think about wikipedia is if there are a lot of people with information on a subject like cracking hydrocarbons if somebody puts incorrect information on the site, there are thousands of people just dying to jump in there and correct your bad entries. Cracking and alkenes crude oil, hydrocarbons and alkanes aqa. A fractional distillation b cracking c crude oil extraction.
Understand what is happening in your industry, with analysis on trends, market data and key. One of the byproducts of this thermal decomposition reaction is ethene. Decide on the future of your business in latin america. An industrial plant that refines crude oil into petroleum products such as diesel, gasoline and heating oils. After fractional distillation there are a large number of longchain hydrocarbons left. Pdf effect of initial ph on the bioremediation of crude. Step 2 identify any branches and their location number on the parent chain. What is the chemistry of the cracking of hydrocarbons.
Journal of catalysis 10, 277289 1968 hydrocarbon cracking reactions on nickel j. I taught this lesson with a low ability year 10 group and it was observed by a regional consultant, borough consultant and head of department and judged to be a good lesson. Ppt hydrocarbons powerpoint presentation free to view. Feed stocks are light and heavy oils from the crude oil distillation unit which are processed primarily into gasoline as well as fuel oil and light gases. Cracking hydrocarbons in liquid paraffin with a catalyst resource. The topics are laid out clearly for ease of reference. One possible reaction involving the hydrocarbon c15 h32 might be. There are three basic functions in the catalytic cracking process. Powerpoint name hydrocarbons iupac rules, multiple bonds subject chemistry resources for high school teachers and students powerpoint lessons, notes, labs, worksheets, handouts, practice problems, and solutions. Ppt chapter 9 hydrocarbons from petroleum powerpoint. These fractions are obtained from the distillation process as liquids, but are revaporized before cracking. Handling, storage, and use of compressed gas cylinders. For example, hexane can be cracked to form butane and.
Airport emission inventory airports council international. Cracking is considered as a very important process for it can generate coke, gas oil and. Organic chemistry chemistry of compounds that contain carbon combine mainly with hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen over 10 million compounds made with these 4 elements 95% of compounds contain carbon form stable, covalent bonds with each other. Gcse chemistry what is the cracking of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon cracking reactions on nickel sciencedirect. I did the demo of cracking but used the diagram as well.
The process whereby catalysts are added to certain hydrocarbons in order to break them into smaller hydrocarbons suitable for petrol and plastics is called. Catalytic cracking presentation cracking chemistry zeolite. The effect of initial ph on the bioremediation of crude oil polluted water using a consortium of microbes was investigated in this study. To help you solve that mystery, webmd made a list of the top culprits that trigger skin reactions, or contact dermatitis. Realworld reading link if you have ridden in a car or a bus, you have used hydrocarbons. Many of the substances with longer molecules produced from the fractional distillation of crude oil are cracked. There is a much greater demand for shorter hydrocarbon than there is for the longer hydrocarbons. Cracking hydrocarbons in liquid paraffin with a catalyst.
Catalytic cracking is similar to thermal cracking except. Hydrocarbons hydrocarbons hydrocarbons hydrocarbons hydrocarbons iupac system of naming organic compounds iupac system of naming organic compounds naming branches as groups naming branches as groups structural isomers how many structural isomers compounds with the. Gcse chemistry what is the chemistry of the cracking of. The gasoline and diesel fuel that are used in cars, trucks, and. Lesson with option of differentiated resources for cracking hydrocarbon. Tech xplore, a new division of science x network, covers the latest engineering, electronics and technology advances. During the cracking process, hydrocarbons are first heated to vaporise them. Some of the large hydrocarbons the heavier fractions are broken down into more useful smaller hydrocarbons lighter fractions by a process known as cracking. Cracking takes place at high temperatures as the large molecules pass over a catalyst. For clarity hydrogens have been omitted from most structures on this test. First, crack the vapour of liquid paraffin by passing it over a heated catalyst to produce and collect a mixture of gaseous shortchain hydrocarbons.
In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or longchain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carboncarbon bonds in the precursors. The hydrocarbon molecules are broken up in a fairly random way to produce mixtures of smaller hydrocarbons, some of which have carboncarbon double bonds. It is nothing like your usual revision guide because jeevans is a welldefined strategy. The name given to hydrocarbons with single bonds only is. Cycloalkanes cyclic saturated hydrocarbons c n h 2n carbon atoms in a ring polygon properties similar to alicyclic hydrocarbons c3 and c4 are higly reactive ring strain cyclopropane was used as a narcotics polycyclic cyclopentano perhydrophenanthrene is a parent structure of steroids c3, c4, c5 are planar molecules. Oil refineries essentially serve as the second stage in. Number the carbon atoms, starting from the end closest to the branches, so that the numbers are the lowest possible. Influence of hydrocarbon chain length and zeolite structure on the catalyst activity and deactivation for nalkanes cracking. A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id. Cracking is the name given to breaking up large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller and more useful bits. In this online course, learn about the key subjects in science. Chapter 9 hydrocarbons from petroleum chemistry step 1 identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atomsthe parent chainin the structural formula. Characterization of an ironoxidebased catalyst used for catalytic cracking of heavy oil with steam.
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